4/5/2023 0 Comments Sword girls online scientist![]() ![]() A single cytokine may be secreted by different cell types and can act on several cell types, producing multiple biological activities. ![]() Cytokines are responsible for the dynamic regulation of the maturation, growth and responsiveness of immune cells, and are important determinants of health. They participate in the immune response and act as important mediators associated with the communication network of the immune system. A discussion of challenges in the development and advancement of technologies for cytokine quantification that aim to achieve real-time multiplex cytokine analysis for point-of-care situations applicable for both biomedical research and clinical practice are discussed.Ĭytokines are soluble proteins with low molecular weight (≈6–70 kDa), secreted from a variety of cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, mast cells, and stromal cells). Various quantification platforms for high-sensitivity and reliable measurement of cytokines in different scenarios are discussed, and commercially available cytokine assays are compared. In addition, recent advances in in vitro and in vivo assays, biosensors based on different signal outputs and intracellular to extracellular protein expression are summarized. Factors affecting cytokines quantification in biological fluids, native levels in different body fluids, sample processing and storage conditions, sensitivity to freeze-thaw, and soluble cytokine receptors are discussed. Cytokines and their clinical significance are introduced from the perspective of their pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Quantification of cytokines has significant value in both clinical medicine and biology as the levels provide insights into physiological and pathological processes and can be used to aid diagnosis and treatment. Cytokines are critical mediators that oversee and regulate immune and inflammatory responses via complex networks and serve as biomarkers for many diseases. ![]()
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